![]() Feuerstein JD, Ketwaroo G, Tewani SK et-al. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon Multidetector CT angiography in acute gastrointestinal bleeding: why, when, and how. Geffroy Y, Rodallec MH, Boulay-Coletta I et-al. Radionuclide evaluation of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Is Urgent Colonoscopy Necessary for All Hematochezia?. ![]() Current treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. doi:10.1007/s1189-5 - Free text at pubmed - Pubmed citation Lower GI bleeding: epidemiology and management. contrast allergy, acute/chronic kidney disease) are potential contraindications to angiography 1. Additionally, certain patient factors (e.g. If TTP is over 9 minutes, the likelihood of detecting the site of bleeding on an angiogram will be markedly low.Īngiography can provide the opportunity for therapeutic intervention at the time of diagnosis 1,2. However, the bleeding rate must be ≥0.5 mL/min to detect extravasation into the gut, which is significantly higher than in nuclear medicine. Catheter angiography is recommended in patients with time-to-positive (TTP) of 9 minutes or less. In patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding who are haemodynamically-stable and do not have ongoing fresh rectal bleeding, an RBC-labeled Tc99m scan is recommended as a first line of investigation. It can be performed relatively quickly and may help localize the general area of active bleeding to guide subsequent endoscopy, angiography or surgery 1.Ī false-positive result can be produced by a rapid transit of luminal blood so that labeled blood is detected in the colon even though it originated from a more proximal site in the gastrointestinal tract 1. 99mTc-labeled RBC scintigraphy or tagged red blood cell scan) to detect focal collections of radiolabelled material. Nuclear medicineĮrythrocytes are labeled with technetium-99m, then serial scintigraphy is performed (a.k.a. ![]() Studies that have evaluated the use of CTA in the localization of gastrointestinal hemorrhage report a sensitivity of ~90% when there is active bleeding, with detection rates steeply falling to ~45% when the bleeding is intermittent 1.Īgain, contraindications apply to patients with renal failure who are at risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy 1. On non-contrast CT, hemorrhage may be visualized as circumferential thickening of the bowel wall 8.ĬTA provides a relatively non-invasive and effective way of localizing the source of bleeding, especially in patients with continuous bleeding 5. Tc99m labeled RBC scan (less sensitive than Tc99m SC): ≥0.2 ml/minĬTA and 99mTc-labeled RBC scintigraphy have equal rates of detection of LGIB (at ~40% in one series), but CTA appears to have higher localization rates 7.Tc99m Sulphur Colloid (SC) scan: 0.05-0.1 ml/min is detected.Below are the estimated detectable rates of bleeding by modality 5,6: CT angiography (CTA), nuclear medicine studies, and angiography can all be used to assess LGIB but have limited sensitivity when bleeding is intermittent or slow. Most small-bowel hemorrhage occurs in the jejunum (69%), but may also be diffuse or multifocal/multisegmental 8.Ĭolonoscopy is the first-line investigation for both diagnostic and therapeutic management. history of abdominal aortic aneurysm with or without surgical repair (causing an aortoenteric fistula).history of alcoholism or chronic liver disease.prior abdominal/pelvic radiation (radiation proctitis/colitis).recent colonoscopy with polypectomy ( post polypectomy bleeding).See article: lower gastrointestinal bleeding (differential diagnosis). rectal trauma/ fissure/ hemorrhoids (~7.5%). ![]() Although lower GI bleeding can occur at any age, specific disease processes are distinctive for different age groups and familiarity with this can help tailor the diagnostic workup 2,6:
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![]() a pollution of 1 gram of benzene in a certain amount of water converts to N A/78.11≈ 7. But one incredibly handy aspect of the periodic table is that those same. If the first isotope (Isotope 1) has a mass of 129.588amu and the second isotope (Isotope 2) has a mass of 131.912 amu, which isotope has the greatest natural abundance A) Isotope 1. Using the above calculator you could find that e.g. For example, the atomic mass of hydrogen (symbol H) is 1.01 amu (atomic mass units). A fictional element has two isotopes and an atomic mass of 131.244 amu. Or 1 mole of a substance will contain Avogadro's number of that substance. The term " mole" is defined in that one mole of a substance with a molecular (or atomic) mass of one (1), will have a mass of 1 gram. Every hydrogen atom has one proton in its nucleus. Hydrogen, at the upper left of the table, has an atomic number of 1. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor (s), non-metal (s), inert noble gas (ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. ![]() ![]() The unity for atomic mass is gram per mol. In this table, an element's atomic number is indicated above the elemental symbol. The lightest chemical element is Hydrogen and the heaviest is Hassium. It is defined to be 1/12 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 and in older works is also abbreviated as "amu".Īlso, important in this field is Avogadro's number (N A) or Avogadro's constant (6.0221 x 10 23). The periodic table (see figure below) displays all of the known elements and is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. In related terms, another unit of mass often used is Dalton (Da) or unified atomic mass unit (u) when describing atomic masses and molecular masses. Molecular mass or molar mass are used in stoichiometry calculations in chemistry. This Calculator has been tested on Internet Explorer version 6 only,įirefox might not show all fields correctly. For question or remarks please contact us. !!! Lenntech BV cannot be held responsible for errors in the calculation, Make sure you enter the molecule of crystallization at last (e.g. The calculator handles at most two different bracket levels. The molecular mass calculator will recognize the entered formula's, which are included in the list of organic compounds. Or you can choose by one of the next two option-lists, which contains a series of common organic compounds (including their chemical formula) and all the elements. Today we obtain calcium through the electrolysis of a fused salt such as calcium chloride. It was first isolated in 1808 in England when Sir Humphry Davy electrolyzed a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide. This online calculator you can use for computing the average molecular weight (MW) of molecules by entering the chemical formulas (for example C3H4OH(COOH)3 ). Calcium was named after the Latin term calx meaning lime, and is a reactive silvery metallic element found in Group 2 of the periodic table. Molecular Weight Calculator Molecular Weight Calculator Separation and Concentration Purification Request.Plant Inspection & Process Optimalisation.
![]() Anything like this, including posts that can easily be answered by internet search, our FAQs, or have been sufficiently answered by members may be removed, locked, or the poster directed elsewhere at the Mod Team's discretion. Our members prefer to see serious questions and discussions and for you do your own work first and then ask for help when you hit a wall: if asking a question about a chord progression, make sure you include what you've figured out so far rather than just asking someone to do it for you. "What's your favorite." type posts are better suited for other forums. Even links to those discussions should be posted in a manner that avoids including controversial terms here.Ĩ) No lazy, low effort, etc. Political, religious, or otherwise controversial topics are best posted elsewhere. Please note that there are some topics that will - while completely on topic or otherwise meritorious of discussion - create an unproductive atmosphere we do not want to promote on r/musictheory. Posts or comments that only serve to create drama, bait trolls, cause controversy or other negative reactions, whether intended or otherwise, will be removed at the Mod Team's discretion. may be removed at the Mod Team's discretion.ħ) No controversial posts. Posts without enough detail, fuzzy images, lack of important content etc. ![]() Please make sure your image has some means of identifying what you're talking about in image (a highlight, red circle, etc.) or text (clearly stated in your comment) as well as giving readers the larger context (including the key signature, time signature, links to other images or audio, etc.). For image/video posts we must be able to clearly see the details as well as the larger context! For videos/audio you must include a time stamp. Posts without this additional comment included will be removed.Ħ) Image/Video clarity violation. This is a discussion board, not Instagram! For image/video posts it is required that you write your question or engage in discussion in the image's frame or as a comment post or both (i.e. Check below for a list of other Music subs where your question may be more appropriate.ĥ) Image/Video comment violation. We’re here to talk about the Music Theory! How relevant a topic may be is up to the discretion of the Mod Team. Questions about Composing, Orchestration, Songwriting, Music Production, Audio Engineering, as well as specific questions about Instruments (playing technique) are best asked on or at least cross posted to other forums. Posts not about Music Theory or Music Theory adjacent topics do not belong here. It's important that we get such posts taken down ASAP, so in addition to reporting, please message the Mod Team if you see someone breaking Rule #3.Ĥ) No off topic posts. Please ask your IRL teacher/tutor for homework help instead. Our subscribers generally dislike this kind of behavior. It is against the Academic Honesty Policy of most schools and courses. If in doubt, please contact the Mod Team before posting.ģ) No homework help on specific assignments. ![]() Links to products or sites that require pay, as well as resources behind paywalls or that require registration are frowned upon unless there is free access of some sort as well. If you are posting a Resource that is free make sure it is stated in your post. Breaking this rule may result in a ban.Ģ) No spam/advertising/self-promotion allowed. Hate speech, sexism, racism, homophobia, transphobia, etc. ![]() Be respectful, and don’t allow disagreements to devolve into personal attacks. You are entitled to your opinions, but remember that they are entitled to theirs. Opinions posted are reflective only of the person posting them. Anyone abusing the reporting mechanism may be banned.ġ) Be kind to others. Please use the "report" button for posts violating the rules! However, please take note of Rule #1 and when reporting be reasonable and fair. The above-listed resources are a thousand times more reliable! Subreddit Rules Please know that Wikipedia and chatGPT are especially bad for music theory topics. 4/9/2024 0 Comments Lightroom adobe torrent![]() Seamless anywhere editing: One of Lightroom's standout features is its seamless cross-platform editing capability.This level of precision ensures that edits are nuanced and tailored to perfection. Precision editing tools: From precise sliders for color adjustments to tools for fine-tuning contrast, highlights, shadows, and clarity, Lightroom empowers users with granular control over every aspect of their photos and videos. ![]() Whether it's adjusting colors, tones, or textures, these presets serve as a fantastic starting point for achieving desired looks. 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Vimeo installs this cookie to collect tracking information by setting a unique ID to embed videos to the website.Īdvertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This is a analytic and behavioural cookie used for improving the visitor experience on the website. This cookie is to identify the source of a visit and store user action information about it in a cookies. YouTube sets this cookie via embedded youtube-videos and registers anonymous statistical data. Some of the data that are collected include the number of visitors, their source, and the pages they visit anonymously. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. The pattern element in the name contains the unique identity number of the account or website it relates to. 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